|
BRIEF REPORT |
|
| Year : 2007 | Volume
: 2
| Issue : 3 | Page : 118-121 |
|
| Extrapulmonary tuberculosis in non-human immunodeficiency virus-infected adults in an endemic region |
|
|
Mustafa Kursat Ozvaran1, Reha Baran1, Meltem Tor2, Ilknur Dilek1, Dilay Demiryontar1, Sibel Arinc1, Nil Toker1, Efsun Ugur Chousein1, Ozlem Sogukpinar1
1 Department of Pulmonology, SSK Sureyyapasa Center for Chest Disease and Thoracic Surgery, Istanbul, Turkey
2 Department of Pulmonology, Kara Elmas University, Medical School Zonguldak, Turkey
| Date of Submission | 14-Feb-2007 |
| Date of Acceptance | 02-Apr-2007 |
Correspondence Address:
Mustafa Kursat Ozvaran
SB Sureyyapasa Gogus ve Kalp, Damar Hastaliklari Hastanesi, C Blok 21, Servis Maltepe, Istanbul
Turkey
 Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None  | Check |
DOI: 10.4103/1817-1737.33700
|
|
 Abstract | | |
Aims: Extrapulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB) still constitutes an important clinical problem. We aimed to evaluate the incidence and features of extrapulmonary tuberculosis.
Materials and Methods: We retrospectively evaluated 14,266 tuberculosis patients diagnosed between January 1999 and December 2003 in a tertiary care hospital in Istanbul. As many as 2,435 patients (17.1%) with EPTB were evaluated for the incidence and features.
Results: Of the 14,266 patients, 4,154 were female (29%) and 10,112 were male (71%) and were aged between 14 and 86 years with a mean age of 35 ± 14 years. As many as 660 (17.9%) patients were diagnosed as EPTB in 1999, 568 (17.8%) in 2000, 357 (13.7%) in 2001, 462 (22%) in 2002 and 388 (14.5%) in 2003. EPTB presented most commonly as pleurisy (66%), followed by lymphadenitis (23%). Lymphadenitis and pleurisy were more commonly observed among female TB patients (60%) and among male TB patients (59%) respectively. EPTB showed a significant female predilection (26.8%) compared to male patients (13.1%). Multi-organ involvement was observed in 37 (1.5%) patients (two organs in 33 and three organs in 4). As many as 197 (8%) EPTB cases had pulmonary tuberculosis simultaneously.
Conclusions: EPTB still constitutes an important clinical problem. The rates of EPTB have remained constant despite the decline in pulmonary tuberculosis cases. In the current study, we present our experience of the incidence and features of EPTB patients without HIV infection. In this study, EPTB cases constituted one-fifth of all tuberculosis cases presented to our center in the study period.
Keywords: Extrapulmonary tuberculosis, gender, incidence, tuberculosis
How to cite this article:
Ozvaran MK, Baran R, Tor M, Dilek I, Demiryontar D, Arinc S, Toker N, Chousein EU, Sogukpinar O. Extrapulmonary tuberculosis in non-human immunodeficiency virus-infected adults in an endemic region. Ann Thorac Med 2007;2:118-21 |
How to cite this URL:
Ozvaran MK, Baran R, Tor M, Dilek I, Demiryontar D, Arinc S, Toker N, Chousein EU, Sogukpinar O. Extrapulmonary tuberculosis in non-human immunodeficiency virus-infected adults in an endemic region. Ann Thorac Med [serial online] 2007 [cited 2022 Jul 7];2:118-21. Available from: https://www.thoracicmedicine.org/text.asp?2007/2/3/118/33700 |
Tuberculosis (TB) is a serious health problem worldwide and constitutes the main infectious cause of death. [1] It can involve any organ system in the body. Although pulmonary tuberculosis is the most common presentation, extrapulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB) still constitutes an important clinical problem. EPTB, by definition, is the isolated occurrence of TB at body sites other than the lung. Extrapulmonary organ involvement of TB is estimated as 10-34% of patients who are not infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), whereas the frequency is about 50-70% in patients infected with HIV. [2],[3] The rates of EPTB have remained constant despite the decline in pulmonary tuberculosis cases. The most common sites of extrapulmonary involvement were reported as pleural and lymph node. [4],[5]
In the current study, we present our experience of the incidence and features of EPTB patients without HIV infection.
| Materials and Methods | |  |
Of the 14,266 TB patients, 2,435 (17.1%) patients with EPTB were included in the study. Patients presented between January 1999 and December 2003 at SSK Sureyyapasa Center for Chest Disease and Thoracic Surgery, a tertiary care hospital in Istanbul, Turkey, were reviewed retrospectively. Only patients with an extrapulmonary site of infection were included in the study. Miliary TB cases and sole pulmonary TB cases and multidrug-resistant patients' cases were excluded. EPTB and pulmonary TB were defined as follows: (1) Identification of Mycobacterium tuberculosis through Ziehl-Neelsen acid fast stain and culture in Lowenstein-Jensen or BACTEC media in a tissue or specimen from a site other than lung parenchyma, in association with clinical and/or imaging findings compatible with infection locally, (2) EPTB and pulmonary TB with negative cultures were defined as clinical, laboratory, imaging and/or histopathological evidence of mycobacterial infection in a site other than hilar lymph nodes or lung parenchyma, in association with a positive tuberculin skin test reaction and/or history of exposure to tuberculosis and exclusion of other diseases and response to empirical antituberculosis treatment. We evaluated the clinical presentation of EPTB cases, including demographic features, organ involvement and coexisting pulmonary TB.
All patients had HIV test in our hospital by macro-eliza method (Beckman Coulter, Inc., CA, USA). None of the patients had HIV co-infection. Descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation, percentage) and Chi-square test were used.
| Results | | |
We identified 2,435 EPTB cases (17.1%) from the 14,266 TB patients who presented to our center during the study period. TB cases included 10,112 (71%) male and 4,154 (29%) female patients aged between 14 and 86 years with a mean of 35 ± 14 years. [Table - 1] shows age and gender distribution according to years. [Table - 2] shows EPTB and organ involvement according to years. EPTB with pulmonary TB was observed in 197 patients (8%). Thirty-seven patients (1.5%) with EPTB had multi-organ involvement (two organs in 33 and three organs in 4).
The most common site of extrapulmonary involvement was the pleura, followed by the lymph nodes. Of the 1,637 (67%) patients with pleural disease, 664 (41%) were female. Of the 567 (23%) patients with lymphadenitis, 342 (60%) were females. Lymph node involvement occurred with significantly higher frequency in women ( P < 0.001), while pleural disease was significantly higher in men ( P < 0.001). EPTB showed a significant female predilection (26.8% vs. 13.1%) ( P < 0.001).
| Discussion | | |
TB is again on the rise all over the world with increasing incidence of multidrug-resistant TB and HIV disease. It is also an increasing health problem because of the immigrants from underdeveloped countries, where it is more common. Extrapulmonary tuberculosis cases have been largely due to HIV co-infection. The rates of EPTB have remained constant despite the decline in pulmonary tuberculosis cases. EPTB accounts for up to one-third of all cases. [6] In the present study, we aimed to investigate the ratio of EPTB in our endemic region where HIV infection is uncommon. We found 17.1% of TB patients presented with EPTB, among all TB cases. EPTB was more common in females than in males. The most common sites of extrapulmonary involvement were the pleura, followed by the lymph nodes.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is presumed to spread in sequence from primary lung site to various organs and tissues of the body. Therefore, tuberculosis can cause disease in all organs and mimic various diseases of these organs. There have not been enough studies about the incidence of EPTB in Turkey; some studies in Holland and England reported 32 and 34% of all cases respectively. [7],[8]
A successful TB control program and treatment caused a decrease in pulmonary TB despite an increase in ratio of EPTB being reported as 21% in Western Europe, 10% in Eastern Europe. [9] It was shown that in USA EPTB ratio was 17.5% in 1986, while it was only 8% in 1964. [4] In our study, we recognized no decrease in ratios in the fifth year, as also confirmed by other studies.
Many studies predicted that mostly pleura and regional lymph nodes are likely to be involved. Gonzalez et al. reported [4] 538 EPTB cases (28.6%) in a total of 1,878 enrollees. The most common sites of infection were lymph nodes (43%) and pleura (23%). In the same study, African American ethnicity was found to be an independent risk factor for EPTB. Recently Ilgazli et al. reported 636 cases with EPTB, out of which 56.3% were lymph node tuberculosis, followed by pleural tuberculosis (31.1%). [10]
A study from England showed that lymph node involvement was the most common site in the body. [7] However, a study from Hong Kong showed the most common sites were pleura, followed by lymph node; and one-third of all cases had pulmonary tuberculosis. In our series, 8% of cases had pulmonary tuberculosis simultaneously. A study in Holland showed that the most common sites of EPTB were pleura and lymph node, equally (17%). [8] Maltezou and his colleagues found the lymph node was the most common site of EPTB in children and EPTB constituted 9% of all cases with TB. [6] Lymph node involvement in EPTB was correlated with HIV co-infection, female gender, young age and Asian race. [11] Our study showed lymph node involvement was the second most common site. In this study, none of the patients were HIV infected and of childhood age, but lymph node involvement was more frequently observed in female patients than in male.
In our study, EPTB was more common in females than in males (26.8% vs. 13.1%). In our cases, male-to-female ratio was 71% and 29% respectively. This ratio is consistent with the literature. Gonzalez et al. indicated that EPTB had been more commonly observed in females (218 female EPTB / 396 female TB cases) as compared to males (320 EPTB cases / 944 male TB cases) in Houston. [4] Noertjojo et al. [5] showed that TB was more common in males than in females but EPTB has a predilection for females at all ages. A study in Turkey showed EPTB was more common in females than in males. [12] Abdomen is also one of the most common sites of EPTB involvement. Before the antituberculosis drug era, the ratio was 55-90%, which later declined to 25%. [11] Peritonitis is the most common presentation of abdominal involvement, followed by ileocecal involvement. [13] Bayramicli et al. showed that the most common sites in abdomen were small bowel (48%), followed by peritoneum (35%) and lymph nodes (17%). [11] In our series, peritonitis (3%) was found as the most common site in abdomen.
TB of the genitourinary tract was reported as the second most common disease form of extrapulmonary TB. [14] The most common site of bone TB was the vertebral column, and the involvement is generally monoarticular. A study in the US found, again, pleura is the most common site (25.8%), followed by lymph node (17.4%), bone (14.3%) and genitourinary (14.6%) in between 1982 and 1986. [15] In our study, we did not find similar distribution for genitourinary TB. This can be explained by a bias in terms of organ involvement, as our center is a tertiary referral chest hospital and not all EPTB cases are referred to our center. TB of bone was the fourth most common site in EPTB in our series.
In this study, we found that 1.5% of EPTB patients had multi-organ involvement. During the primary infection of TB, bacteria can spread to all organs in the body. Therefore, EPTB can be observed in different organs at the same time.
In this study, we found one in every five TB patients had extrapulmonary TB. We also found the EPTB was two times more common in females than in males. Clinical signs; laboratory, radiological and endoscopic methods; or bacteriological and histopathological findings help in the diagnosis of EPTB, although laboratory methods might at times be challenging for EPTB compared to pulmonary TB. So clinical suspicion based on chest radiography, localized or systemic symptoms and several laboratory parameters and rapid diagnostic methods expedite the treatment of such cases.
| References | | |
| 1. | World Health Organization. Report 2002. Global tuberculosis Control: Surveillance, planing, financing. WHO/CDS/TB. WHO: Geneva, Switzerland; 2002. p. 295.  |
| 2. | Runyon BA. Textbook of Gastroenterology. 2 nd ed. Lippincott: Philadelphia, USA; 1995. p. 928. |
| 3. | Gonzalez OY, Teeter LD, Thanh BT, Musser JM, Graviss EA. Extrathoracic tuberculosis lymphadenitis in adult HIV seronegative patients: A population-based analysis in Houston, Texas, USA. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2003;7:987-93. |
| 4. | Gonzalez OY, Adams G, Teeter LD, Bui TT, Musser JM, Graviss EA. Extra-pulmonary manifestations in a large metropolitan area with a low incidence of tuberculosis. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2003;7:1178-85. |
| 5. | Noertjojo K, Tam CM, Chan SL, Chan-Yeung MM. Extra-pulmonary and pulmonary tuberculosis in Hong Kong. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2002;6:879-86. |
| 6. | Maltezou HC, Spyridis P, Kafetzis DA. Extra-pulmonary tuberculosis in children. Arch Dis Child 2000;83:342-6. |
| 7. | Humphries MJ, Lam WK, Teoh R. Lymph Node Tuberculosis in Clinical Tuberculosis. Davies PD, editor. Chapman and Hall Medical: London, UK; 1995. p. 94-8. |
| 8. | Van Loenhout-Rooyackers JH, Laheij RJ, Richter C, Verbeek AL. Shortening the duration of treatment for cervical tuberculosis lymphadenitis. Eur Respir J 2000;15:192-5. |
| 9. | Euro TB. (InVS/KNCV) and the national coordinators for tuberculosis surveillance in the WHO European Region. Surveillance of tuberculosis in Europe. Report on tuberculosis cases notified in 1998, February 2001. |
| 10. | Ilgazli A, Boyaci H, Basyigit I, Yildiz F. Extrapulmonary tuberculosis: Clinical and epidemiologic spectrum of 636 cases. Arch Med Res 2004;35:435-41. |
| 11. | Uygur-Bayramiηli O, Dabak G, Dabak R. A clinical dilemma: Abdominal tuberculosis. World J Gastroenterol 2003;9:1098-101. |
| 12. | Musellim B, Erturan S, Sonmez Duman E, Ongen G. Comparison of extra-pulmonary and pulmonary tuberculosis cases: Factors influencing the site of reactivation. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2005;9:1220-3. |
| 13. | Iseman MD. Extrapulmonary tuberculosis. In : A clinicians guide to tuberculosis. Lippincott Williams Wilkins: Philadelphia, USA; 2000. p. 145-97. |
| 14. | Hsieh HC, Lu PL, Chen YH, Chen TC, Tsai JJ, Chang K, et al . Genitourinary tuberculosis in a medical center in southern Taiwan: aneleven-year experience. J Microbiol Immunol Infect 2006;39:408-13. |
| 15. | Mehta JB, Dutt A, Harvill L, Mathews KM. Epidemiology of extrapulmonary tuberculosis. A comparative analysis with Pre-AIDS Era. Chest 1991;99:1134-8. |
[Table - 1], [Table - 2] |
|
| This article has been cited by | | 1 |
Isolated tuberculous orchitis presented as epididymo-orchitis: An unusual presentation of tuberculosis |
|
| Khurram Mehboob, TariqA Madani | | Urology Annals. 2022; 14(2): 189 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 2 |
POSTERIOR VERTEBRAL COLUMN RESECTION (PVCR): A SAFE AND EFFECTIVE OPTION TO TREAT KYPHOSIS FROM SPINAL TUBERCULOSIS |
|
| Plínio Braga Linhares Garcia, Luis Eduardo Carelli Teixeira da Silva, Alderico Girão Campos de Barros, Luiz Eduardo Pereira Costa Assis de Almeida | | Coluna/Columna. 2021; 20(1): 42 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 3 |
Epidemiology and the diagnostic challenge of extra-pulmonary tuberculosis in a teaching hospital in Ethiopia |
|
| Balew Arega, Amdemeskel Mersha, Abraham Minda, Yitagesu Getachew, Alazar Sitotaw, Tefera Gebeyehu, Asnake Agunie, Frederick Quinn | | PLOS ONE. 2020; 15(12): e0243945 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 4 |
A 5-year experience characterizing the demographic and clinical profile and directly observed treatment short-course treatment outcome in National Tuberculosis Center of Duhok province, Iraqi Kurdistan |
|
| Muayad Aghali Merza | | SAGE Open Medicine. 2020; 8: 2050312120 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 5 |
Tuberculous Compound Palmar Ganglion
|
|
| Nagarajan Doraisamy, Malarvizhi Chandrasekhar, Jim Jebakumar, Sukhdev DB Singh | | Journal of Postgraduate Medicine, Education and Research. 2017; 51(1): 28 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 6 |
Pulmonary and Extra Pulmonary Tuberculosis in Qatar: A First Retrospective Population-Based Study |
|
| Mohammed Abu Khattab,Fahmi Yousef Khan,Mona Al Maslamani,Abdul Latif Al-Khal,Akram El Gendy,Hussam Al Soub,Faraj S. Howady | | Advances in Infectious Diseases. 2015; 05(04): 148 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 7 |
Evaluation of Pulmonary and Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis in Immunocompetent Adults: A Retrospective Case Series Analysis |
|
| Selma Ates Guler, Fulsen Bozkus, Mehmet Fatih Inci, Omer Faruk Kokoglu, Hasan Ucmak, Sevinc Ozden, Murvet Yuksel | | Medical Principles and Practice. 2015; 24(1): 75 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 8 |
Tuberculosis control strategies to reach the 2035 global targets in China: the role of changing demographics and reactivation disease |
|
| Grace H Huynh,Daniel J Klein,Daniel P Chin,Bradley G Wagner,Philip A Eckhoff,Renzhong Liu,Lixia Wang | | BMC Medicine. 2015; 13(1) | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 9 |
Analysis of 17 cases of posterior vertebral column resection in treating thoracolumbar spinal tuberculous angular kyphosis |
|
| Tianhua Zhou,Chuan Li,Bin Liu,Xun Tang,Yongyue Su,Yongqing Xu | | Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research. 2015; 10(1) | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 10 |
Tuberculous orchitis mimicking a testicular tumor: A diagnostic dilemma |
|
| Seema Dayal,Alok Kumar,SP Singh,Archana Verma | | Asian Pacific Journal of Reproduction. 2014; 3(1): 80 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 11 |
Role of Whole-Body Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the Evaluation of Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis in Immunocompetent Patients |
|
| Anoop Kumar Pandey,Rakesh Kumar Gupta,Krishan Kumar Jain,Neeraj Prakash,Nandini Vasdev,Rajendran Karthick Raj,Bhaswati Roy,Rana Patir | | Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography. 2014; 38(3): 415 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 12 |
Incidence of Tuberculosis and Amyloidosis among Sudanese Patients Presented with Enlarged Nodes |
|
| Ahmed Abdalla Agab Eldour,Entisar Najeeb Mohmed Salih,Hussain Gadelkarim Ahmed | | Journal of Tropical Medicine. 2014; 2014: 1 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 13 |
Extrapulmonary tuberculosis: 7year-experience of a tertiary center in Istanbul |
|
| Dilek Yildiz Sevgi,Okan Derin,Ali Seydi Alpay,Alper Gündüz,Ahmet Sanli Konuklar,Banu Bayraktar,Emin Bulut,Nuray Uzun,Emine Sonmez | | European Journal of Internal Medicine. 2013; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 14 |
Role of chemotherapy in tuberculosis of spine |
|
| Shah, Z.A. and Arif, U. and Khan, M.N.B. and Bilal, A. | | Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences. 2013; 7(1): 185-187 | | [Pubmed] | | | 15 |
Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura associated with splenic tuberculosis: Case report [Porpora trombocitopenica idiopatica associata a tubercolosi splenica: Un caso clinic] |
|
| Dal, M.S. and Dal, T. and Tekin, R. and Bodakçi, E. and Düzköprü, Y. and Ayyildiz, M.O. | | Infezioni in Medicina. 2013; 21(1): 50-55 | | [Pubmed] | | | 16 |
Tuberculous epididymo-orchitis mimicking a testicular tumour: A case report |
|
| Badmos, K.B. | | African Health Sciences. 2012; 12(3): 396-398 | | [Pubmed] | | | 17 |
Tuberculosis lymphadenitis in Southwest Ethiopia: A community based cross-sectional study |
|
| Abebe, G. and Deribew, A. and Apers, L. and Abdissa, A. and Deribie, F. and Woldemichael, K. and Shiffa, J. and Tesfaye, M. and Jira, C. and Bezabih, M. and Aseffa, A. and Bekele, A. and Colebunders, R. | | BMC Public Health. 2012; 12(1) | | [Pubmed] | | | 18 |
Tuberculosis lymphadenitis: A case report |
|
| Nozari, N. | | Shiraz E Medical Journal. 2012; 13(2): 82-85 | | [Pubmed] | | | 19 |
Clinical manifestation of extra pulmonary tuberculosis |
|
| Saeed, N. and Ul-Islam, A. and Burki, H.B. and Nizamuddin, S. | | Medical Channel. 2012; 18(1): 80-83 | | [Pubmed] | | | 20 |
BCG vaccination is associated with decreased severity of tuberculosis in Pakistan |
|
| Zahra Hasan,Muhammad Irfan,Javaid A. Khan,Shehryar Khaliqdina Jahangir,Muhammad Haris,Mussarat Ashraf,Naseem Salahuddin,Bushra Jamil,Nisar A. Rao | | International Journal of Mycobacteriology. 2012; 1(4): 201 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 21 |
Tuberculosis lymphadenitis in Southwest Ethiopia: a community based cross-sectional study |
|
| Gemeda Abebe,Amare Deribew,Ludwig Apers,Alemseged Abdissa,Fetene Deribie,Kifle Woldemichael,Jaffer Shiffa,Markos Tesfaye,Chali Jira,Mesele Bezabih,Abraham Aseffa,Alemayehu Bekele,Robert Colebunders | | BMC Public Health. 2012; 12(1): 504 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 22 |
Polyfunctional Mycobacterium tuberculosis-specific effector memory CD4+ T cells at sites of pleural TB |
|
| | | Tuberculosis. 2011; | | [VIEW] | [DOI] | | | 23 |
Toxoplasma, Toxocara and Tuberculosis co-infection in a four year old child |
|
| Guneratne, R., Mendis, D., Bandara, T., Fernando, S.D. | | BMC Pediatrics. 2011; 11(art ): 44 | | [Pubmed] | | | 24 |
Tuberculosis-HIV co-infection among patients admitted at Muhimbili National hospital in Dar es salaam, Tanzania |
|
| Kamenju, P., Aboud, S. | | Tanzania Journal of Health Research. 2011; 13(1): 25-31 | | [Pubmed] | | | 25 |
Toxoplasma, Toxocara and Tuberculosis co-infection in a four year old child |
|
| Randeewari Guneratne, Devan Mendis, Tharaka Bandara, Sumadhya Deepika Fernando | | BMC Pediatrics. 2011; 11(1) | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 26 |
Extrapulmonary tuberculosis: A retrospective review of 194 cases at a tertiary care hospital in Karachi, Pakistan |
|
| Chandir, S., Hussain, H., Salahuddin, N., Amir, M., Ali, F., Lotia, I., Khan, A.J. | | Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association. 2010; 60(2): 105-109 | | [Pubmed] | | | 27 |
Comparative evaluation of fine needle aspiration cytology, culture, and PCR in diagnosis of tuberculous lymphadenitis |
|
| Preeti Mittal, Uma Handa, Harsh Mohan, Varsha Gupta | | Diagnostic Cytopathology. 2010; : n/a | | [VIEW] | [DOI] | |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
